关于局部变量的栈行为——由循环语句内定义循环变量引申
结论
结论写在前面
1.在 for 循环语句内定义局部循环变量，使用 AC6 编译器或者 GCC 编译器，都不会因此产生多次栈操作，而是会使用相同的两个堆栈偏址。如果开优化，当二者逻辑功能没有实际差异时，汇编将完全一样。
事实上在 for 循环的同时定义循环变量是一个优秀的操作。对于将所有局部变量的定义全部提前到函数头部，会产生事实上的负优化或无优化(依据优化等级和编译器不同)。
由此引申，如果追求极致的性能，应当仅在使用到局部变量的分支中声明该局部变量。
以下测试均以 stm32H7为目标编译
用如下的写法讨论局部变量的栈操作
for(int i = 0; i < 50; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < 50; j++)
{
HAL_Delay(1);
}
}
感性来看，第一个循环每进行一次，都会声明一个局部变量 j，那么是否会由此产生多次的栈申请操作呢?
这部分的反汇编如下
0x0000001e: LDR r0,[sp,#0]
0x00000020: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000022: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x24
0x00000024: LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000026: CMP r0,#0x31
0x00000028: BGT {pc}+0x2c ; 0x54
0x0000002a: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x2c
0x0000002c: MOVS r0,#0
0x0000002e: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000030: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x32
0x00000032: LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000034: CMP r0,#0x31
0x00000036: BGT {pc}+0x14 ; 0x4a
0x00000038: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x3a
0x0000003a: MOVS r0,#1
0x0000003c: BL HAL_Delay
0x00000040: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x42
0x00000042: LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000044: ADDS r0,#1
0x00000046: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000048: B {pc}-0x16 ; 0x32
0x0000004a: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x4c
0x0000004c: LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000004e: ADDS r0,#1
0x00000050: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000052: B {pc}-0x2e ; 0x24
外层循环
不是我们的主要讨论对象，反正就是会使用跳转将内层循环执行50次
0x0000001e: LDR r0,[sp,#0]
0x00000020: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000022: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x24
0x00000024: LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000026: CMP r0,#0x31
0x00000028: BGT {pc}+0x2c ; 0x54
0x0000002a: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x2c
; .....内层循环
0x0000004a: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x4c
0x0000004c: LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000004e: ADDS r0,#1
0x00000050: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000052: B {pc}-0x2e ; 0x24
内层循环
0x0000002c: MOVS r0,#0
0x0000002e: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000030: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x32
0x00000032: LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000034: CMP r0,#0x31
0x00000036: BGT {pc}+0x14 ; 0x4a
0x00000038: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x3a
0x0000003a: MOVS r0,#1
0x0000003c: BL HAL_Delay
0x00000040: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x42
0x00000042: LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000044: ADDS r0,#1
0x00000046: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000048: B {pc}-0x16 ; 0x32
2c、2e 两句 将 sp+4处堆栈的值置0
然后利用增1和跳转，执行50次循环
也就是每次执行外层循环都会有这套针对 sp+4处堆栈的操作逻辑，外层循环每次都是针对 sp+8处堆栈的操作逻辑
如果是预先定义局部变量呢？
改为如下写法
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
for(i = 0; i < 50; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < 50; j++)
{
HAL_Delay(1);
}
}
这部分的反汇编如下
0x0000001e: LDR r0,[sp,#0]
0x00000020: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000022: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000024: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000026: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x28
0x00000028: LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000002a: CMP r0,#0x31
0x0000002c: BGT {pc}+0x2c ; 0x58
0x0000002e: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x30
0x00000030: MOVS r0,#0
0x00000032: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000034: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x36
0x00000036: LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000038: CMP r0,#0x31
0x0000003a: BGT {pc}+0x14 ; 0x4e
0x0000003c: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x3e
0x0000003e: MOVS r0,#1
0x00000040: BL HAL_Delay
0x00000044: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x46
0x00000046: LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000048: ADDS r0,#1
0x0000004a: STR r0,[sp,#4]
0x0000004c: B {pc}-0x16 ; 0x36
0x0000004e: B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x50
0x00000050: LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000052: ADDS r0,#1
0x00000054: STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000056: B {pc}-0x2e ; 0x28
可以看出，其循环部分(26-56)与此前的写法(22-52)部分没有差异，反而多将(sp+4)与(sp+8)置零的两条语句，产生了负优化。
将循环复杂化是否会不一样
如下代码，与反汇编，占用的(sp+8)与(sp+12)，依然不会产生过多的堆栈操作
int test = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < 50; i++)
{
for(int j = 0; j < 50; j++)
{
if((test & 0x01) == 0)
HAL_Delay(1);
else
HAL_Delay(2);
}
test++;
}
0x0000001e: 9801 .. LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000020: 9004 .. STR r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000022: 9003 .. STR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x00000024: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x26
0x00000026: 9803 .. LDR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x00000028: 2831 1( CMP r0,#0x31
0x0000002a: dc21 !. BGT {pc}+0x46 ; 0x70
0x0000002c: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x2e
0x0000002e: 2000 . MOVS r0,#0
0x00000030: 9002 .. STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000032: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x34
0x00000034: 9802 .. LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000036: 2831 1( CMP r0,#0x31
0x00000038: dc12 .. BGT {pc}+0x28 ; 0x60
0x0000003a: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x3c
0x0000003c: f89d0010 .... LDRB r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000040: 07c0 .. LSLS r0,r0,#31
0x00000042: b920 . CBNZ r0,{pc}+0xc ; 0x4e
0x00000044: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x46
0x00000046: 2001 . MOVS r0,#1
0x00000048: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x0000004c: e003 .. B {pc}+0xa ; 0x56
0x0000004e: 2002 . MOVS r0,#2
0x00000050: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x00000054: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x56
0x00000056: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x58
0x00000058: 9802 .. LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000005a: 3001 .0 ADDS r0,#1
0x0000005c: 9002 .. STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000005e: e7e9 .. B {pc}-0x2a ; 0x34
0x00000060: 9804 .. LDR r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000062: 3001 .0 ADDS r0,#1
0x00000064: 9004 .. STR r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000066: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x68
0x00000068: 9803 .. LDR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x0000006a: 3001 .0 ADDS r0,#1
0x0000006c: 9003 .. STR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x0000006e: e7da .. B {pc}-0x48 ; 0x26
如下代码，将声明提前，依然产生负优化了
int test = 0;
int i = 0;
int j = 0;
for(i = 0; i < 50; i++)
{
for(j = 0; j < 50; j++)
{
if((test & 0x01) == 0)
HAL_Delay(1);
else
HAL_Delay(2);
}
test++;
}
0x0000001e: 9801 .. LDR r0,[sp,#4]
0x00000020: 9004 .. STR r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000022: 9003 .. STR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x00000024: 9002 .. STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000026: 9003 .. STR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x00000028: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x2a
0x0000002a: 9803 .. LDR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x0000002c: 2831 1( CMP r0,#0x31
0x0000002e: dc21 !. BGT {pc}+0x46 ; 0x74
0x00000030: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x32
0x00000032: 2000 . MOVS r0,#0
0x00000034: 9002 .. STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000036: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x38
0x00000038: 9802 .. LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000003a: 2831 1( CMP r0,#0x31
0x0000003c: dc12 .. BGT {pc}+0x28 ; 0x64
0x0000003e: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x40
0x00000040: f89d0010 .... LDRB r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000044: 07c0 .. LSLS r0,r0,#31
0x00000046: b920 . CBNZ r0,{pc}+0xc ; 0x52
0x00000048: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x4a
0x0000004a: 2001 . MOVS r0,#1
0x0000004c: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x00000050: e003 .. B {pc}+0xa ; 0x5a
0x00000052: 2002 . MOVS r0,#2
0x00000054: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x00000058: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x5a
0x0000005a: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x5c
0x0000005c: 9802 .. LDR r0,[sp,#8]
0x0000005e: 3001 .0 ADDS r0,#1
0x00000060: 9002 .. STR r0,[sp,#8]
0x00000062: e7e9 .. B {pc}-0x2a ; 0x38
0x00000064: 9804 .. LDR r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x00000066: 3001 .0 ADDS r0,#1
0x00000068: 9004 .. STR r0,[sp,#0x10]
0x0000006a: e7ff .. B {pc}+0x2 ; 0x6c
0x0000006c: 9803 .. LDR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x0000006e: 3001 .0 ADDS r0,#1
0x00000070: 9003 .. STR r0,[sp,#0xc]
0x00000072: e7da .. B {pc}-0x48 ; 0x2a
使用优化
O1
仍然是上面的循环复杂化
for 内声明
0x00000014: 2400 .$ MOVS r4,#0
0x00000016: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000018: f0040501 .... AND r5,r4,#1
0x0000001c: 2632 2& MOVS r6,#0x32
0x0000001e: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000020: 2002 . MOVS r0,#2
0x00000022: 2d00 .- CMP r5,#0
0x00000024: bf08 .. IT EQ
0x00000026: 2001 . MOVEQ r0,#1
0x00000028: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x0000002c: 3e01 .> SUBS r6,#1
0x0000002e: d1f7 .. BNE {pc}-0xe ; 0x20
0x00000030: 3401 .4 ADDS r4,#1
0x00000032: 2c32 2, CMP r4,#0x32
0x00000034: d1f0 .. BNE {pc}-0x1c ; 0x18
将声明提前，二者完全一致
0x00000014: 2400 .$ MOVS r4,#0
0x00000016: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000018: f0040501 .... AND r5,r4,#1
0x0000001c: 2632 2& MOVS r6,#0x32
0x0000001e: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000020: 2002 . MOVS r0,#2
0x00000022: 2d00 .- CMP r5,#0
0x00000024: bf08 .. IT EQ
0x00000026: 2001 . MOVEQ r0,#1
0x00000028: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x0000002c: 3e01 .> SUBS r6,#1
0x0000002e: d1f7 .. BNE {pc}-0xe ; 0x20
0x00000030: 3401 .4 ADDS r4,#1
0x00000032: 2c32 2, CMP r4,#0x32
0x00000034: d1f0 .. BNE {pc}-0x1c ; 0x18
O2
仍然是上面的循环复杂化
for 内声明
0x00000014: 2500 .% MOVS r5,#0
0x00000016: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000018: 2402 .$ MOVS r4,#2
0x0000001a: 2632 2& MOVS r6,#0x32
0x0000001c: 07e8 .. LSLS r0,r5,#31
0x0000001e: bf08 .. IT EQ
0x00000020: 2401 .$ MOVEQ r4,#1
0x00000022: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000024: 4620 F MOV r0,r4
0x00000026: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x0000002a: 3e01 .> SUBS r6,#1
0x0000002c: d1fa .. BNE {pc}-0x8 ; 0x24
0x0000002e: 3501 .5 ADDS r5,#1
0x00000030: 2d32 2- CMP r5,#0x32
0x00000032: d1f1 .. BNE {pc}-0x1a ; 0x18
将声明提前，二者完全一致
0x00000014: 2500 .% MOVS r5,#0
0x00000016: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000018: 2402 .$ MOVS r4,#2
0x0000001a: 2632 2& MOVS r6,#0x32
0x0000001c: 07e8 .. LSLS r0,r5,#31
0x0000001e: bf08 .. IT EQ
0x00000020: 2401 .$ MOVEQ r4,#1
0x00000022: bf00 .. NOP
0x00000024: 4620 F MOV r0,r4
0x00000026: f7fffffe .... BL HAL_Delay
0x0000002a: 3e01 .> SUBS r6,#1
0x0000002c: d1fa .. BNE {pc}-0x8 ; 0x24
0x0000002e: 3501 .5 ADDS r5,#1
0x00000030: 2d32 2- CMP r5,#0x32
0x00000032: d1f1 .. BNE {pc}-0x1a ; 0x18
O3
O3没有讨论价值，完全展开循环。
GCC 环境下的情况
将局部变量提前定义，同样是负优化
局部变量定义在 for 内，20条
局部变量先定义，24条
